Licensing and the Usage Calculator
When the photographer is originally approached with a possible commission, care needs to be taken in assessing the exact needs of the client, because the costing is dependant on this information. Licensing is designed to give flexibility to the client and allows them to only pay for the usage they need. Remember too that the figures returned by the calculator are a starting point for discussion and that this tool is primarily designed for the advertising sector so the figures returned will reflect that.
In the UK, the photographer’s fee normally includes the first use of the images, but the duration, media and territory are frequently negotiated within this fee. Factors such as the experience of the photographer and the desirability of the commission may affect the negotiated day rate.
The majority of photographers will include some usage in their fee (see below), others will charge a set day-rate and charge usage on top.
Licensing
The initial Licence
The originally negotiated fee would normally include the following:
1 Year UK or any single country - any two media (a 3rd media may be included depending on its proportion of the media spend), or;
2 Years UK or any single country - any one media.
The licence begins on 1st insertion and 1st insertion can be expected within 6 months of the delivery of the finished job to the agency/client. It is suggested that work should be licensed for a minimum period of 6 months at a negotiated day-rate. Less than 6 months in an advertising context is not realistic, however, for web use, where the images will be taken down as soon as the licence expires, a lesser period may be negotiated.
Exclusivity
Standard trade practice, with reference to the original commission, will give the client exclusivity for the period of time, in the specific territories agreed and included in the fee.
Clients and advertising agencies are concerned that the images they commission, and for which they pay the origination expenses, should not fall into the hands of competitors or become associated with other products after the initial licence period has finished. To prevent this, it has been suggested that the photographer should not licence the images further, for example through a library, without client and agency permission, for four years after the end of the licence (unless otherwise agreed).
The sensitivity of the subject matter should always be taken into consideration, for example, an image that could be used to good effect by a competitor of the original client. Where material is not sensitive, it is unlikely that an agency or their client would withhold this permission. This should be negotiated with the individual agency/client before the shoot takes place, as should other related issues such as confidentiality.
It is expected that once any confidentiality and/or exclusivity period is over, the photographer and agency can use the image for their own PR purposes. This use should include entry into competitions by the photographer and the agency with credits to the photographer, client and agency.
On expiry of the initial exclusivity period, the commissioner should be offered first option to extend the exclusivity clause at a negotiated rate.
Calculating Usage
Setting the BUR (Base Usage Rate)
To prevent misunderstandings when negotiating usage fees, and to enable the client to budget accordingly, it's a good idea to set a Base Usage Rate (more commonly known as 'BUR').
The BUR is the starting point for negotiating use of the work over and above any media, territory and time period included in the fee, and should be clearly stated on the photographer's original estimate. It is the figure to which other factors are applied by means of percentages in the Usage Calculator and is not to be confused with the figure negotiated for the fee.
It is suggested that the BUR should never be less than the negotiated daily shoot-fee or day-rate, and should be pitched according to the expertise of the photographer and the amount of input and involvement required on the shoot from the photographer.
When a photographer is doing a ‘budget’ job and the cost of the initial work for the client is charged at less than their normal day rate, it is expected that the BUR be set at the figure they would normally charge as a fee for that type of commission. This figure will then be used to calculate any extra usage.
When several images from a one-day shoot are used by the client, then, if you wish to calculate in this way, each individual image could be subject to its own BUR figure.
Using the Calculator
Using the BUR, all extra use (not included in the initial shoot fees) can be estimated by using the usage calculator – duration, media and territory. The calculator was produced as a result of discussions between photographers and photographers’ agents, and overseen by art buyers, These are not recommendations, but are provided as guidelines for negotiation based on current trade best practice.
The Calculator is not exhaustive, requests for media not shown can be negotiated by using a similar media with the same style of distribution or viewing. Merchandising should be negotiated separately and the licence cost could be based on a % of each sale (royalty).
The concept of the Usage Calculator was initially agreed in 1992, as a result of discussions between art-buyers, agents and the AOP and was, for a while, paper-based. This updated online calculator is simply a logical step to make the calculator far easier to use and more transparent. It can even be saved as a standalone app on your phone, which means you can use it with no internet connection!
Individual Countries
Countries have been graded by their GDP and then banded from A+ to D with a different percentage allocated to each band. For example the United States is an A+ country, this band has 150% for extra use attached to it – so additional use in the US would cost 150% of the BUR. The list of countries, the band and percentage allocated to them is called Country Grading by GDP.
Geographic terms and acronyms
The listings under Territory Options show which countries are included in various geographic areas, and in the various acronyms being used by agencies and clients to bundle areas together.
Above and below the line
Instead of asking for specific media, many clients will ask for Above the Line or Below the Line media to be licensed. These two categories are established common parlance, but because there is no definitive description as to which media should belong in each, this can cause confusion as to what the photographer needs to licence. In the 1st instance, photographers are advised to ask the client what media they actually need to ensure they can price the licence fairly. It is becoming common to hear the terms, 'content' and 'channel' being used to describe usage instead of 'above or below the line'.
The following list is not exhaustive, but gives an idea as to which media should belong in each category, and has been developed through experience of negotiating licences by Photographic Agents:
Above the Line
Ambient
Internet
OOH (Out of Home)
Point of Sale
Posters
Press
TV (Including interactive)
Below the Line
Brochures
Collateral
Direct Mail
Intranet
Marketing Aids
PR
Internet
Whilst the Internet is global by its very nature, not all websites will be of interest to the wider community. Most companies, regardless of their size, will have a web presence and so licensing Internet use generically is no longer feasible. It is advised that the kind of business; viewing market; and the relevance in the worldwide market place of each client be taken into consideration before pricing a license. Many smaller/provincial companies presence is 90% web based and photographers may wish to include web use for this type of client within the original fee. The Calculator guidelines include a BUR % by country, as well as worldwide, to reflect this.
Don’t assign copyright
Many clients still want to obtain copyright from the photographer for a variety of reasons, the main ones being a lack of ‘copyright’ understanding and the fear of having to spend more money for further use.
In principle, we are opposed to the assignment of copyright. However, we recognise that agencies sometimes need to negotiate a fee covering any future use of the photographs without continuous reference to the photographer (who owns and should continue to own the copyright).
In such cases, the Licence to Use will specify "All Media: print and digital" under Media Use, the Territory will be "Worldwide" and the Time Period will be "Unlimited" (copyright will remain with the Photographer).
The licence will be exclusive to the Agency/Client and will cover all uses of the photography in relation to the product named on the licence. The photographer retains the right to use the photographs for promoting his/her own work. An All-Uses licence is still subject to the general Terms and Conditions and therefore does not permit use in relation to another product or sub-licensing, for example to a photo library. Neither can it be sold on as an asset of the company if the client goes into liquidation – at this point the licence would revert back to the photographer.